Systems and methods for discovering automatable tasks

ABSTRACT

According to at least one aspect, a system for collecting computer usage information is provided. The system includes a hardware processor, a display coupled to the hardware processor to display a user interface, and a computer-readable storage medium storing processor-executable instructions that cause the hardware processor to receive an indication of an action being performed by a user on the system, cause the system to wait before updating the user interface in response to the action performed by the user, gather contextual information associated with the action while the system is waiting to process the action performed by the user to update the user interface, cause the system to update the user interface in response to the action performed by the user after gathering the contextual information, and store information indicative of the action and the contextual information.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/413,277, entitled “SYSTEMS ANDMETHODS FOR DISCOVERING AUTOMATABLE TASKS” filed on Oct. 26, 2016, whichis herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Employees at many companies spend much of their time working oncomputers. An employer may monitor an employee's computer activity byinstalling a monitoring application program on the employee's workcomputer to monitor the employee's actions. For example, an employer mayinstall a keystroke logger application on the employee's work computer.The keystroke logger application may be used to capture the employee'skeystrokes and store the captured keystrokes in a text file forsubsequent analysis. Other applications for monitoring computer activitymay periodically pose questions to the employee regarding their currentactivity. For example, the application may ask the employee “what areyou doing?” and subsequently ask “are you still doing this?”

SUMMARY

According to at least one aspect, a system for collecting computer usageinformation is provided. The system includes at least one hardwareprocessor, a display coupled to the at least one hardware processor andconfigured to display a user interface, and at least one non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium storing processor-executableinstructions that, when executed by the at least one hardware processor,cause the at least one hardware processor to perform various functions.For example, the instructions may cause the at least one hardwareprocessor to receive an indication of an action being performed by auser on the system, cause the system to wait before updating the userinterface in response to the action performed by the user, gathercontextual information associated with the action while the system iswaiting to process the action performed by the user to update the userinterface, cause the system to update the user interface in response tothe action performed by the user after gathering the contextualinformation, and store information indicative of the action and thecontextual information.

In some embodiments, the action includes at least one of a keystroke anda screen click.

In some embodiments, the contextual information includes informationregarding a state of the user interface. In some embodiments, theinformation regarding the state of the user interface includes at leastone of: an indication of an active application, a title in a title barof the active application, a value in at least one field of the activeapplication, a size of a window of the active application, and alocation of the window of the active application.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises a random access memory(RAM) and wherein storing the information includes storing theinformation indicative of the action and the contextual information inthe RAM as an event. In some embodiments, the system further comprises anon-transitory computer readable medium and the processor-executableinstructions further cause the at least one hardware processor to writeone or more events stored in the RAM to an event log in thenon-transitory computer readable medium. In some embodiments, theprocessor-executable instructions further cause the at least onehardware processor to determine whether at least one event stored in theRAM includes personal information of the user. In some embodiments, thepersonal information of the user includes information indicative of atleast one of: a bank account of the user, a personal email account ofthe user, and a social media account of the user. In some embodiments,the system further comprises a non-transitory computer readable mediumand the processor-executable instructions further cause the at least onehardware processor to write the at least one event stored in the RAM toan event log in the non-transitory computer readable medium responsiveto a determination that the at least one event does not include personalinformation of the user. In some embodiments, the processor-executableinstructions further cause the at least one hardware processor totransmit the event log to an external system.

According to at least one aspect, a system for identifying automatabletasks is provided. The system includes at least one hardware processor,a communication interface coupled to the at least one hardware processorand configured to communicate with at least one computing device, and atleast one non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storingprocessor-executable instructions that, when executed by the at leastone hardware processor, cause the at least one hardware processor toperform various functions. For example, the instructions may cause theat least one hardware processor to receive, via the communicationinterface, a plurality of events from the at least one computing device,each of the plurality of events including information indicative of anaction performed by a user on the respective computing device andcontextual information associated with the action performed by the user,identify at least one sequence of events in the plurality of events thatis at least partially repeated in the plurality of events and associatedwith a task being performed by the user, and generate a metricassociated with the task indicative of a difficulty of automating thetask.

In some embodiments, the at least one sequence of events includes: afirst event including a first action in a first application installed onthe respective computing device; and a second event including a secondaction in a second application installed on the respective computingdevice. In some embodiments, identifying the at least one sequence ofevents comprises identifying a first sub-task performed by the user inthe first application and a second sub-task performed by the user in thesecond application.

In some embodiments, the first metric includes at least one of: anestimated cost of developing a software robot to automate the task, anestimated amount of developer hours to create the software robot toautomate the task, a number of applications that are employed to performthe task, a number of keystrokes performed in the task, and a ratiobetween keystrokes and screen clicks performed in the task.

In some embodiments, the processor-executable instructions further causethe at least one hardware processor to generate a second metricassociated with the task indicative of a cost savings of automating thetask. In some embodiments, generating the second metric includesidentifying a length of time that the task is performed by the user anda monetary value of time of the user. In some embodiments, the systemfurther comprises displaying information indicative of the task and atleast one of the first and second metrics associated with the task.

In some embodiments, the processor-executable instructions further causethe at least one hardware processor to filter the plurality of events toremove at least one event that is not associated with the task performedby the user. In some embodiments, filtering the plurality of eventsincludes removing events from the plurality of events that are notproceeded by another event within a predetermined period of time. Insome embodiments, filtering the plurality of events includes removingevents from the plurality of events that are not preceded by anotherevent within a predetermined period of time.

According to at least one aspect, a system is provided to collectcomputer usage data and identify tasks being performed based on thecomputer usage data is provided. The system includes a first computingdevice including at least one hardware processor, a display coupled tothe at least one hardware processor and configured to display a userinterface, and at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium storing processor-executable instructions that, when executed bythe at least one hardware processor, cause the at least one hardwareprocessor to perform various functions. For example, the instructionsmay cause the at least one hardware processor to receive an indicationof an action being performed by a user on the first computing device,cause the first computing device to wait before updating the userinterface responsive to the action performed by the user, gathercontextual information associated with the action while the firstcomputing device is waiting to update the user interface responsive tothe action performed by the user, cause the first computing device toupdate the user interface responsive to the action performed by the userafter gathering the contextual information, and transmit informationindicative of the action and the contextual information as an event inan event log including a plurality of events. The system may furtherinclude a second computing device in communication with the firstcomputing device. The second computing device may include at least onehardware processor and at least one non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium storing processor-executable instructions that, whenexecuted by the at least one hardware processor, cause the at least onehardware processor to perform various functions. For example, theinstructions may cause the at least one hardware processor to receivethe event log including the plurality of events from the first computingdevice and identify at least one sequence of events in the plurality ofevents that is at least partially repeated in the plurality of eventsand associated with a task being performed by the user.

According to at least one aspect, a method for tracking tasks performedby a user of a computing device is provided. The method includesreceiving an indication of an action being performed by the user on thecomputing device, causing the computing device to wait before updating auser interface of the computing device responsive to the actionperformed by the user, gathering contextual information associated withthe action while the computing device is waiting to update the userinterface responsive to the action performed by the user, causing thecomputing device to update the user interface responsive to the actionperformed by the user, and storing information indicative of the actionand the contextual information.

According to at least one aspect, a method for discovering automatabletasks is provided. The method includes receiving a plurality of eventsfrom another computing device, each of the plurality of events includinginformation indicative of an action performed by a user on the othercomputing device and contextual information associated with the actionperformed by the user, identifying at least one sequence of events inthe plurality of events that is at least partially repeated in theplurality of events and associated with a task being performed by theuser, and generating a metric associated with the task indicative of adifficulty of automating the task.

According to at least one aspect, a system is provided. The systemcomprises at least one hardware processor; a display coupled to the atleast one hardware processor and configured to display a user interface;and at least one non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storingprocessor-executable instructions that, when executed by the at leastone hardware processor, cause the at least one hardware processor toperform: receiving an indication of an action being performed by a useron the system; causing the system to wait before updating the userinterface in response to the action performed by the user; gatheringcontextual information associated with the action while the system iswaiting to process the action performed by the user to update the userinterface; causing the system to update the user interface in responseto the action performed by the user after gathering the contextualinformation; and storing information indicative of the action and thecontextual information.

In some embodiments, the action includes at least one of a keystroke anda click.

In some embodiments, gathering the contextual information includesgathering information regarding a state of the user interface when theuser performed the action. In some embodiments, gathering theinformation regarding the state of the user interface includes gatheringinformation selected from the group consisting of: a name of an activeapplication, a title in a title bar of the active application, a valuein at least one field of the active application, a size of a window ofthe active application, and a location of the window of the activeapplication within the user interface.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises a volatile memory andstoring the information includes storing the information indicative ofthe action and the contextual information in the volatile memory as anevent. In some embodiments, the system further comprises a non-volatilememory and the processor-executable instructions further cause the atleast one hardware processor to perform: writing one or more eventsstored in the volatile memory to an event log in the non-volatilememory. In some embodiments, the processor-executable instructionsfurther cause the at least one hardware processor to perform:transmitting the event log to an external system. In some embodiments,the processor-executable instructions further cause the at least onehardware processor to perform: determining whether at least one eventstored in the volatile memory includes personal information of the user.In some embodiments, the personal information of the user includesinformation indicative of at least one member selected from the groupconsisting of: a bank account of the user, a personal email account ofthe user, and a social media account of the user. In some embodiments,the system further comprises a non-volatile memory and theprocessor-executable instructions further cause the at least onehardware processor to perform: writing the at least one event stored inthe volatile memory to an event log in the non-volatile memoryresponsive to a determination that the at least one event does notinclude personal information of the user.

In some embodiments, storing the information includes storing theinformation indicative of the action and the contextual information asan event in a plurality of events and the processor-executableinstructions further cause the at least one hardware processor toperform: clustering the plurality of events to generate a plurality ofclustered events; identifying a plurality of sub-tasks in the pluralityof clustered events, each of the plurality of sub-tasks comprising asequence of one or more clustered events at least partially repeated inthe plurality of clustered events; identifying a task in the pluralityof clustered events being performed by the user that comprises at leastone sub-task of the plurality of sub-tasks; and generating a score forthe task indicative of a difficulty of automating the task. In someembodiments, the processor-executable instructions further cause the atleast one hardware processor to perform: determining whether the scoreexceeds a threshold; generating a first computer program that isconfigured to perform the task responsive to the score exceeding thethreshold; and executing the first computer program configured toperform the task responsive to generating the first computer program. Insome embodiments, the first computer program is configured to performthe task at least in part by controlling one or more other computerprograms. In some embodiments, the first computer program is configuredto control the one or more other computer programs through at least onegraphical user interface (GUI) of the one or more other computerprograms. In some embodiments, the task comprises a first sub-task and asecond sub-task of the plurality of sub-tasks and wherein the firstcomputer program is configured to control a second computer program toperform the first sub-task and control a third computer program toperform the second sub-task.

According to at least one aspect, a method, performed by a computingdevice, for tracking tasks performed by a user of the computing deviceis provided. The method comprises: receiving an indication of an actionbeing performed by the user on the computing device; causing thecomputing device to wait before updating a user interface of thecomputing device responsive to the action performed by the user;gathering contextual information associated with the action while thecomputing device is waiting to update the user interface responsive tothe action performed by the user; causing the computing device to updatethe user interface responsive to the action performed by the user; andstoring information indicative of the action and the contextualinformation.

In some embodiments, storing the information includes storing theinformation indicative of the action and the contextual information in avolatile memory of the computing device as an event. In someembodiments, the method further comprises determining whether at leastone event stored in the volatile memory includes personal information ofthe user. In some embodiments, determining whether the at least oneevent stored in the volatile memory includes personal information of theuser includes determining whether the at least one event stored in thevolatile memory comprises information indicative of at least one memberselected from the group consisting of: a bank account of the user, apersonal email account of the user, and a social media account of theuser. In some embodiments, the method further comprises writing the atleast one event stored in the volatile memory to an event log in anon-volatile memory of the computing device responsive to adetermination that the at least one event does not include personalinformation of the user. In some embodiments, the method furthercomprises transmitting the event log to an external system.

In some embodiments, storing the information includes storing theinformation indicative of the action and the contextual information asan event in a plurality of events and wherein the method furthercomprises: clustering the plurality of events to generate a plurality ofclustered events; identifying a plurality of sub-tasks in the pluralityof clustered events, each of the plurality of sub-tasks comprising asequence of one or more clustered events at least partially repeated inthe plurality of clustered events; identifying a task in the pluralityof clustered events being performed by the user that comprises at leastone sub-task of the plurality of sub-tasks; and generating a score forthe task indicative of a difficulty of automating the task. In someembodiments, the method further comprises determining whether the scoreexceeds a threshold; generating a computer program that is configured toperform the task responsive to the score exceeding the threshold; andexecuting the computer program configured to perform the task responsiveto generating the computer program. In some embodiments, generating thecomputer program comprises generating a computer program that isconfigured to perform the task at least in part by controlling one ormore other computer programs.

According to at least one aspect, at least one non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium is provided. The at least onenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium storesprocessor-executable instructions that, when executed by at least oneprocessor, cause the at least one processor to perform: receiving anindication of an action being performed by the user on a computingdevice; causing the computing device to wait before updating a userinterface of the computing device responsive to the action performed bythe user; gathering contextual information associated with the actionwhile the computing device is waiting to update the user interfaceresponsive to the action performed by the user; causing the computingdevice to update the user interface responsive to the action performedby the user; and storing information indicative of the action and thecontextual information.

According to at least one aspect, a system is provided. The systemcomprises a first computing device comprising at least one hardwareprocessor and at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium storing processor-executable instructions that, when executed bythe at least one hardware processor, cause the at least one hardwareprocessor to perform: receiving an indication of an action beingperformed by a user on the first computing device; causing the firstcomputing device to wait before updating a user interface of the firstcomputing device responsive to the action performed by the user;gathering contextual information associated with the action while thefirst computing device is waiting to update the user interfaceresponsive to the action performed by the user; causing the firstcomputing device to update the user interface responsive to the actionperformed by the user after gathering the contextual information; andtransmitting information indicative of the action and the contextualinformation as an event in an event log including a plurality of events.The system may further comprise a second computing device incommunication with the first computing device and comprising at leastone hardware processor and at least one non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium storing processor-executable instructions that, whenexecuted by the at least one hardware processor, cause the at least onehardware processor to perform: receiving the event log comprising theplurality of events; clustering the plurality of events to generate aplurality of clustered events; identifying a plurality of sub-tasks inthe plurality of clustered events that each comprise a sequence of oneor more clustered events at least partially repeated in the plurality ofclustered events; identifying a task in the plurality of clusteredevents being performed by the user that comprises at least one sub-taskfrom the plurality of sub-tasks; and generating a score for the taskindicative of a difficulty of automating the task.

In some embodiments, identifying the task comprises: receiving anindication of a first sub-task and a second sub-task of the plurality ofsub-tasks that is part of the task; and providing the first sub-task,the second sub-task, and at least one clustered event from the pluralityof clustered events that occurs between the first sub-task and thesecond sub-task in at least one instance in the plurality of clusteredevents as an input to a recurrent neural network. In some embodiments,identifying the task comprises: using the recurrent neural network toobtain an output that is indicative of a sequence of two or moreclustered events that define the task and comprises the first sub-taskand the second sub-task.

In some embodiments, the processor-executable instructions further causethe at least one hardware processor in the second computing device toperform: determining whether the score exceeds a threshold; generating afirst computer program that is configured to perform the task responsiveto the score exceeding the threshold; and executing the first computerprogram configured to perform the task responsive to generating thefirst computer program. In some embodiments, the task comprises a firstsub-task and a second sub-task of the plurality of sub-tasks and whereinthe first computer program is configured to control a second computerprogram to perform the first sub-task and control a third computerprogram to perform the second sub-task.

According to at least one aspect, a system is provided. The systemcomprises: at least one hardware processor; and at least onenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium storingprocessor-executable instructions that, when executed by the at leastone hardware processor, cause the at least one hardware processor toperform: receiving a plurality of events each indicative of an actionperformed by a user on a computing device and contextual informationassociated with the action performed by the user; clustering theplurality of events to generate a plurality of clustered events;identifying a plurality of sub-tasks in the plurality of clusteredevents that each comprise a sequence of one or more clustered events atleast partially repeated in the plurality of clustered events;identifying a task in the plurality of clustered events being performedby the user that comprises at least one sub-task from the plurality ofsub-tasks; and generating a score for the task indicative of adifficulty of automating the task.

In some embodiments, identifying the plurality of sub-tasks comprisesidentifying a sequence of two or more clustered events that repeat atleast a threshold number of times in the plurality of clustered events.

In some embodiments, identifying the plurality of sub-tasks comprisesidentifying a sequence of two or more clustered events where a portionof the sequence of two or more clustered events repeats at least athreshold number of times.

In some embodiments, identifying the task comprises receiving anindication of a first sub-task of the plurality of sub-tasks that ispart of the task and providing the first sub-task and at least oneclustered event from the plurality of clustered events temporallyadjacent the first sub-task in at least one instance in the plurality ofclustered events as an input to a statistical model. In someembodiments, identifying the task comprises using the statistical modelto obtain an output that is indicative of a sequence of two or moreclustered events that define the task and comprises the first sub-task.In some embodiments, the statistical model is a neural network.

In some embodiments, the processor-executable instructions further causethe at least one hardware processor to perform: determining whether thescore exceeds a threshold; generating a first computer program that isconfigured to perform the task responsive to the score exceeding thethreshold; and executing the first computer program configured toperform the task responsive to generating the first computer program. Insome embodiments, the first computer program is configured to performthe task at least in part by controlling one or more other computerprograms. In some embodiments, the first computer program is configuredto control the one or more other computer programs through at least onegraphical user interface (GUI) of the one or more other computerprograms. In some embodiments, the task comprises a first sub-task and asecond sub-task of the plurality of sub-tasks and wherein the firstcomputer program is configured to control a second computer program toperform the first sub-task and control a third computer program toperform the second sub-task.

In some embodiments, the score is generated using at least one valueselected from the group consisting of: a number of applications that areemployed to perform the task, a number of keystrokes performed in thetask, a number of clicks performed in the task, and a ratio betweenkeystrokes and clicks performed in the task.

In some embodiments, the processor-executable instructions further causethe at least one hardware processor to perform: removing at least oneevent from the plurality of events that is not associated with the taskperformed by the user. In some embodiments, removing the at least oneevent includes removing events from the plurality of events that areassociated with a predetermined list of web domains.

In some embodiments, the action includes a keystroke or a click.

In some embodiments, the contextual information includes informationregarding a state of the user interface when the user performed theaction. In some embodiments, the information regarding the state of theuser interface includes at least one of: a name of an activeapplication, a title in a title bar of the active application, a valuein at least one field of the active application, a size of a window ofthe active application, and a location of the window of the activeapplication.

In some embodiments, receiving the plurality of events comprisesdetecting an event from the plurality of events at least in part by:receiving an indication of an action being performed by the user on thecomputing device; causing the computing device to wait before updating auser interface on the computing device in response to the actionperformed by the user; gathering contextual information associated withthe action while the computing device is waiting to process the actionperformed by the user to update the user interface; causing thecomputing device to update the user interface in response to the actionperformed by the user after gathering the contextual information; andstoring information indicative of the action and the contextualinformation as the event.

According to at least one aspect, a method, performed by a computingdevice, for discovering automatable tasks is provided. The methodcomprises: receiving a plurality of events each indicative of an actionperformed by a user on a computing device and contextual informationassociated with the action performed by the user; clustering theplurality of events to generate a plurality of clustered events;identifying a plurality of sub-tasks in the plurality of clusteredevents that each comprise a sequence of one or more clustered events atleast partially repeated in the plurality of clustered events;identifying a task in the plurality of clustered events being performedby the user that comprises at least one sub-task from the plurality ofsub-tasks; and generating a score associated with the task indicative ofa difficulty of automating the task.

In some embodiments, identifying the plurality of sub-tasks comprisesidentifying a sequence of two or more clustered events that repeat atleast a threshold number of times in the plurality of clustered events.

In some embodiments, identifying the task comprises receiving anindication of a first sub-task of the plurality of sub-tasks that ispart of the task and providing the first sub-task and at least oneclustered event from the plurality of clustered events temporallyadjacent the first sub-task in at least one instance in the plurality ofclustered events as an input to a statistical model.

According to at least one aspect, at least one non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium is provided. The at least onenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium storesprocessor-executable instructions that, when executed by at least oneprocessor, cause the at least one processor to perform: receiving aplurality of events each indicative of an action performed by a user ona computing device and contextual information associated with the actionperformed by the user; clustering the plurality of events to generate aplurality of clustered events; identifying a plurality of sub-tasks inthe plurality of clustered events that each comprise a sequence of oneor more clustered events at least partially repeated in the plurality ofclustered events; identifying a task in the plurality of clusteredevents being performed by the user that comprises at least one sub-taskfrom the plurality of sub-tasks; and generating a score associated withthe task indicative of a difficulty of automating the task.

According to at least one aspect, a system is provided. The systemcomprises at least one hardware processor; a display coupled to the atleast one hardware processor and configured to display a user interface;and at least one non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storingprocessor-executable instructions that, when executed by the at leastone hardware processor, cause the at least one hardware processor toperform: receiving an indication of an action being performed by a useron the system; gathering contextual information associated with theaction; and storing information indicative of the action and thecontextual information.

It should be appreciated that all combinations of the foregoing conceptsand additional concepts discussed in greater detail below (provided suchconcepts are not mutually inconsistent) are contemplated as being partof the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. In particular, allcombinations of claimed subject matter appearing at the end of thisdisclosure are contemplated as being part of the inventive subjectmatter disclosed herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various aspects and embodiments will be described with reference to thefollowing figures. It should be appreciated that the figures are notnecessarily drawn to scale. Items appearing in multiple figures areindicated by the same or a similar reference number in all the figuresin which they appear.

FIGS. 1A and 1B are diagrams showing an example task tracking system,according to some embodiments of the technology described herein;

FIGS. 2A and 2B are each a diagram showing an example computer usagedata collection process, according to some embodiments of the technologydescribed herein;

FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing an example task discovery process,according to some embodiments of the technology described herein;

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example plurality of events associatedwith a task, according to some embodiments of the technology describedherein;

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example plurality of events that havebeen hierarchically clustered, according to some embodiments of thetechnology described herein; and

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an example computer system, according tosome embodiments of the technology described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The inventors have appreciated that conventional user monitoringapplications for tracking user interaction with a computer fail toidentify a particular task that a user is performing on the computer orgather information about how the task is being performed. For example, akeystroke logger application gathers computer usage data at too low alevel to provide meaningful information. Distinguishing between a userproviding code snippets on an online forum to assist other softwaredevelopers and the user developing source code for a particular projectusing only a text file containing a string of depressed keys may bechallenging or impossible. The string of characters in the text filealso does not include information regarding how the task was performedsuch as how long the task took, how many actions were performed tocomplete the task, and what applications were used to complete the task.

Further, the inventors have appreciated that conventional usermonitoring applications may undesirably capture sensitive informationabout the user that is unrelated to any underlying task being performedby the user. Examples of such sensitive information include personalbank account numbers, passwords, and/or text of personal emails. Forexample, a user may log into to their personal email account and akeystroke logger application may inadvertently capture the username andpassword for the personal email account of the user. In this example,any individual with access to the logged keystrokes generated by thekeystroke logger application could obtain the login credentials for theuser and hijack the user's personal email account.

Still yet further, the inventors have appreciated that conventional usermonitoring applications which track user interaction through the use ofperiodic questions posed to the user may generate inaccurateinformation. For example, a user may be incentivized to: (1) providefalse information in response to posed questions to make themselvesappear more productive; (2) provide short and incomplete responses toposed questions to reduce the amount of time spent responding to posedquestions; and/or (3) ignore the posed questions altogether to maximizetheir productivity. For illustration, an application may pose thequestion “what are you working on now” and the user may simply respondwith “a project for work.” Such a response from the user omits keyinformation because the response does not provide information regardingthe particular project that is being completed or how the user iscompleting the project.

Accordingly, the inventors have conceived and developed new technologythat improves upon conventional user monitoring applications, whichtechnology constitutes an improvement in a computer-related technologyof user monitoring. For example, systems and methods for generatingcomputer usage data that may be employed to identify the particulartask(s) performed by a user are described herein. In some embodiments,the computer usage data may contain both an indication of an actionperformed by a user (e.g., a keystroke or a click) and contextualinformation associated with the performed action. The contextualinformation may include, for example, information regarding a state of auser interface of the computing device when the action was performedsuch as: a name of an active application, a title in a title bar of theactive application, a document object model (DOM) for an active document(e.g., an HTML, XHTML, or XML document) and/or a web-address in anaddress bar of a web-browser. Pairing information indicative of anaction performed by the user with contextual information associated withthe action may advantageously provide more insight regarding the taskbeing performed by a user than keystroke data alone. For example, theproblem of distinguishing between a user providing code snippets on anonline forum to assist other software developers and the user developingsource code for a particular project may be readily solved by analyzingcontextual information indicative of the particular application beingused by the user. In this example, the contextual information regardingthe particular application that is active would show the userinteracting with a web-browser at a particular web-address whileproviding code snippets on the online forum and show the userinteracting with an integrated development environment (IDE) softwareapplication while developing source code.

In some embodiments, one or more components of the computer usage datamay be genericized. For example, a depression of any character key(e.g., a key associated with a letter, a number, or a symbol) may berepresented in the same way in the computer usage data (e.g., alldepressions of character keys are identified just as “keystrokes”).Genericizing one or more components of the computer usage data mayadvantageously reduce the risk of capturing personal information of auser relative to convention user monitoring applications, such as keylogger applications. For example, a user may enter a password “Carrot23”into a web-browser application to access a personal email account. Incontrast to conventional key logger applications that would store theentire password “Carrot23,” the computer usage data generated inaccordance with the techniques described herein may comprise anindication that eight keystrokes occurred in a web-browser applicationwithout information regarding which character keys were depressed.Thereby, information regarding the password of the user is not collectedas part of the computer usage data.

The inventors have further appreciated that the collected computer usagedata may be very noisy because human users rarely perform a task fromstart-to-finish without being interrupted. Thereby, the collectedcomputer usage data commonly comprises multiple tasks that areinterleaved with each other. For example, an information technologyprofessional may start a task of resetting a password and be distractedby a pop-up from a social media application. Once the user has respondedto the pop-up, the user may return to the task of resetting thepassword. In this example, the computer usage data may comprise amixture of events associated with the task of resetting a passwordinterspersed with unrelated events associated with a social mediaapplication. As a result of this noise in the computer usage data,direct application of conventional data analysis techniques (e.g.,machine learning techniques) may be ineffective at identifyingunderlying tasks in the computer usage data because such techniqueswould be confounded by the presence of data associated with eventsunrelated to the tasks.

Accordingly, the inventors have developed new techniques to analyze thenoisy computer usage data collected for a user to accurately identifythe underlying tasks being performed by the user. In some embodiments,the underlying task performed by a user may comprise a plurality ofsub-tasks. For example, the task of creating a computer program maycomprise a first sub-task of searching for source code examples (e.g.,using a web-browser) and a second sub-task of developing source code(e.g., using an IDE). Each of the sub-tasks in a given task may comprisea sequence of one or more actions performed by a user. For example, thetask of searching for source code examples may comprise: (1) one or moreactions to open a web-browser; (2) one or more actions to navigate to adomain for a source code repository; and (3) one or more actions toaccess a source code example in the source code repository. Thereby, thesystems described herein may analyze the captured events (e.g., actionsand the contextual information associated with the actions) to infer thesub-tasks being performed and combine one or more of the identifiedsub-tasks to identify a higher-level task being performed by the user.

In some embodiments, a sub-task may be identified by clustering theplurality of events and identifying sequences of one or more clusteredevents that at least partially repeat. The detected events in thecomputer usage data may be clustered such that similar detected eventsare assigned to the same cluster. Thereby, events that appear the samefrom the perspective of the user (e.g., a click on the close button of aparticular application) may be grouped together despite having smallvariations in contextual information (e.g., a click on the close buttonin one instance occurred at a different location on a display screenthan in another instance). The clustered events may then be analyzed toidentify sub-tasks in the clustered events by identifying sequences ofone or more clustered events (e.g., sequences of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6clustered events) that repeat a threshold number of times in thecomputer usage data. The sequences of clustered events may fully repeata threshold number of times (e.g., the exact sequence repeats athreshold number of times) or partially repeat a threshold number oftimes (e.g., a portion of the sequence repeats a threshold number oftimes).

In some embodiments, the higher-level task being performed by the usermay be identified by combining one or more identified sub-tasks with oneor more other clustered events (e.g., clustered events in othersub-tasks) together. Thereby, a sequence of one or more clustered eventsthat defines the task (and comprises the clustered events in at leastone sub-task) may be identified. For example, the sub-tasks may beassigned to one or more higher-level tasks and clustered events thatoccur near the sub-tasks in at least one instance in the computer usagedata may be analyzed to determine the sequence of one or more clusteredevents that defines the task. In one implementation for illustration, alabel may be added to a sub-task indicative of which task the sub-taskbelongs and clustered events that occur temporally adjacent the sub-task(e.g., directly preceding or proceeding the sub-task) in at least oneinstance in the plurality of clustered events may be analyzed todetermine whether these clustered events belong to the same task as thesub-task or to a different task. Thereby, the sequence of one or moreclustered events that define the task may be identified.

The computer programs for collecting computer usage data and analyzingthe gathered computer usage data may be deployed in, for example, largecorporations to gain insight into how employees spend their time on agiven day. For example, the collected computer usage data may beanalyzed to determine how much time employees are spending on tasks(e.g., reading e-mail, writing e-mail, not working, writing softwarecode, reading the content of a webpage, providing input to a webpage,accessing a particular website or websites, accessing a database,working in a spreadsheet, etc.), identifying manual and/or repetitivetasks (e.g., a set of one or more actions that a user repeatedly takes)which may be automated, and measuring effort (e.g., time, number ofapplications required to perform the task, and/or number of actionsrequired to perform the task) spent on certain tasks.

In some embodiments, the identified tasks performed by one or moreemployees of a business may be automatically evaluated for automatingusing software. For example, the information collected may be employedto create software robot computer programs (hereinafter, “softwarerobots”) that are configured to programmatically control one or moreother computer programs (e.g., one or more application programs and/orone or more operating systems) to perform one or more tasks at least inpart via the graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and/or applicationprogramming interfaces (APIs) of the other computer program(s). Forexample, an automatable task may be identified from the collectedcomputer usage data and a software developer may create a software robotto perform the automatable task. In another example, all or any portionof a software robot configured to perform the automatable task may beautomatically generated by a computer system based on the collectedcomputer usage information. Some aspects of software robots aredescribed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2016-0259651, titled “SOFTWAREROBOTS FOR PROGRAMMATICALLY CONTROLLING COMPUTER PROGRAMS TO PERFORMTASKS,” published on Sep. 8, 2016, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

It should be appreciated that the valuable information regarding theparticular tasks that employees are performing on a computer may beemployed for any of a variety of purposes. In some embodiments, theinformation regarding the particular tasks performed by employees may beused to track the time spent on particular projects and, thereby, informmanagement as to the true cost of a project. For example, a softwaredevelopment company may track the time spent by each developer on aparticular project to monitor the cost of completing each project. Inother embodiments, the information may be employed to identify tasksthat are frequently performed by employees and assess the economicviability of automating the task. For example, the cost of creating asoftware robot to perform the task may be compared with the cost ofhaving employees perform the task. In yet other embodiments, theinformation may be employed to monitor the time required to perform aparticular task. For example, the time required by a purchasing managerto create a purchase order may be identified.

Example Implementation

Some aspects of the technology described herein relate to computersoftware for monitoring user interaction with a computing device(referred to herein as “Scout”). Scout may include one or moreconstituent computer programs and/or software routines written in anyprogramming language(s), such as Java, C++, C#, C, and Python. It shouldbe appreciated that Scout may be implemented to perform any combinationof the functions described herein as being attributed to Scout (e.g.,performed by Scout). Thereby, Scout may be implemented to perform fewer(or more) functions than those described herein as being attributed toScout.

In some embodiments, Scout may be installed on a computing device andtrack user interaction with the computing device. The computing devicemay include various input/output devices to facilitate user interactionwith the computing device such as a display to present a user interface,a mouse or touch screen to navigate the user interface, and/or akeyboard to enter characters into the user interface. The computingdevice may include a non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumthat stores Scout and a hardware processor that may execute instructionsfrom Scout stored in the non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium. The instructions in Scout may cause the hardware processor toperform various functions to capture information indicative of a user'sinteraction with the computing device such as clicks (e.g., mouseclicks, taps on a touch screen, etc.) and keystrokes in addition tocontextual information regarding each user action such as a state of theuser interface. The information indicative of a user's interaction withthe computing device may be stored as an event. An event may be, forexample, a piece of data (e.g., a piece of structured data) that storesinformation related to input provided by the user (e.g., a click, akeystroke, etc.) and information about the context in which the inputwas provided (e.g., the application that received the input, the stateof the application when it received the input, information indicatingwhich of one or more other application programs was active when theinput was provided, the state of the operating system when the input wasprovided, etc.).

In some embodiments, Scout may receive an indication of an action beingperformed by a user on the system. In these embodiments, Scout may cause(e.g., indirectly or directly) the computing device to wait beforeupdating the user interface responsive to the action performed by theuser. Thereby, information regarding a state of the user interface maybe captured before the user interface is updated responsive to theaction. For example, Scout may gather contextual information associatedwith the action while the computing device is waiting to update the userinterface. Otherwise, a race would be created between the user interfacebeing updated and Scout trying to gather the contextual information.Thereby, Scout could inadvertently gather contextual information for agiven action that is associated with a different user interface statethan the state in which the action occurred (e.g., in instances whereScout loses the race). The contextual information may be informationassociated with a state of the user interface. For example, thecontextual information may include information regarding a state of anactive application, a title in a title bar of the active application, avalue in at least one field of the active application, a size of awindow of the active application, a location of the window of the activeapplication, and a DOM for an active document. Scout may cause (e.g.,indirectly or directly) the computing device to update the userinterface responsive to the action performed by the user once thecontextual information has been gathered.

In some embodiments, Scout may gather the contextual information whilethe computing device is waiting to update the user interface within athreshold amount of time. Thereby, a user may not perceive a delaybetween performing an action and seeing the computing device respond tothe action. For example, a user may be unable to perceive delays of lessthan 100 milliseconds (ms). In this example, the threshold may be lessthan or equal to 100 ms (e.g., 5 ms, 10 ms, 15 ms, 20 ms, 25 ms, 30 ms,35 ms, 40 ms, 45 ms, 50 ms, 55 ms, 60 ms, 65 ms, 70 ms, 75 ms, 80 ms, 85ms, 90 ms, 95 ms, and 100 ms). Scout may gather the contextualinformation within the threshold period of time by, for example,gathering selected contextual information that is capable of beinggathered within the threshold period of time.

In some embodiments, Scout may store computer usage data in volatilememory, and store only a subset of the computer usage data innon-volatile memory so as to avoid storing certain types of information(e.g., private, personalized, or other sensitive information) innon-volatile memory. Volatile memory may be any computer memory thatuses power to maintain the information stored therein (e.g., randomaccess memory (RAM), a processor cache, etc.). Non-volatile memory maybe any computer memory that retains the data stored therein whilepowered off (e.g., a disk drive, a ready only memory (ROM), an opticaldisk, etc.). For example, Scout may store computer usage data (e.g., thecontextual information and the information indicative of one or moreactions) in volatile memory (e.g., as part of a queue or any othersuitable data structure). In this example, Scout may copy computer usagedata from the non-volatile memory to the event queue as new computerusage data is generated. It should be appreciated that Scout may filterthe computer usage data being added to the non-volatile memory to removeportions of the computer usage data that may contain personalinformation of the user before the computer usage data is stored innon-volatile memory. For example, Scout may analyze the computer usagedata stored in volatile memory to determine whether the computer usagedata includes personal information of the user. Example personalinformation includes information indicative of: a bank account of theuser, a personal email account of the user, and a social media accountof the user. Scout may move the computer usage data from volatile memoryto non-volatile memory responsive to the computer usage data notcontaining personal information. Otherwise, Scout may delete thecomputer usage data from volatile memory to protect the privacy of theuser. Thereby, the computer usage data containing personal informationis prevented from being written to non-volatile memory of the computingdevice.

The inventors have appreciated that the computer usage data collected byScout may include various patterns that may be extracted to identify oneor more tasks being performed by a user is performing on the computingdevice from which the computer usage data is gathered. For example, auser may switch between using a web browser and an integrateddevelopment environment application, which may indicate that the user isdeveloping software.

Accordingly, aspects of the technology described herein relate tocomputer software for gathering and processing the computer usage datagenerated by instances of Scout running on computing devices to identifyautomatable tasks (referred to herein as “Scout Service”). Scout Servicemay include one or more constituent computer programs and/or softwareroutines written in any programming language(s), such as Java, C++, C#,C, and Python. It should be appreciated that Scout Service may beimplemented to perform any combination of the functions described hereinas being attributed to Scout Service (e.g., performed by Scout Service).Thereby, Scout Service may be implemented to perform fewer (or more)functions than those described herein as being attributed to ScoutService.

In some embodiments, Scout Service may be implemented as one or morecomputer programs that may be executed on one or more computing devices.For example, Scout Service may be implemented as a network applicationthat is accessible over the Internet and is executed by at least oneserver. The server may include, for example, a communication interfaceto communicate with one or more computing devices running instances ofScout. Scout Service may receive computing usage information frominstances of Scout running on computing devices and also push softwareupdates to these Scout instances. The server(s) may further include atleast one non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing ScoutService and one or more hardware processors that may execute theinstructions from Scout Service stored in the non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium or media. The instructions in ScoutService may cause the hardware processor(s) to perform various functionsto gather and analyze computer usage data to identify automatable tasks.

In some embodiments, Scout Service may receive, via the communicationinterface, an event log including a plurality of events from at leastone computing device running Scout. Each of the plurality of events mayinclude information indicative of an action a performed by a user on therespective computing device (e.g., an input to the computing deviceperformed by the user such as a click and a keystroke) and contextualinformation associated with the action performed by the user. The eventsand/or event logs may be, for example, pieces of data (e.g., structureddata) stored in any suitable format using any suitable data structure(s)using any suitable programming language.

In some embodiments, Scout Service may analyze the plurality of eventsto identify one or more tasks being performed by the user. A task maybe, for example, a sequence of one or more user interactions with acomputing device across one or more applications programs thatculminates in an objective being completed. Non-limiting examples ofobjectives include resetting a password, creating a purchase order,processing payroll, and creating a document. When a user uses multipleapplication programs to perform a single task, the task may beconsidered as being composed of multiple sub-tasks, each of the multiplesub-tasks comprising actions performed by using a respective one of themultiple application programs. Thereby, sub-tasks may, in someembodiments, involve user interaction with only a single softwareapplication. For example, a user may interact with a computing device tocreate a legal document by performing a first sub-task of using aweb-browser to perform legal research and a second sub-task of using aword processing software application to generate the text of the legaldocument. Some tasks, however, may involve only a single softwareapplication on the computing device. For example, a user may interactwith a computing device to process payroll for a company and only use anaccounting software application to process the payroll.

Scout Service may identify a task being performed by a user based on aplurality of events using any of a variety of techniques. In someembodiments, Scout Service may cluster the plurality of events togenerate a plurality of clustered events. Scout Service may cluster theplurality of events by, for example, identifying a plurality of clustersin the plurality of events and assigning at least some of the pluralityof events to the plurality of clusters. Any of a variety of clusteringtechniques may be employed such as: connectivity-based clustering,centroid-based clustering, distribution-based clustering, and/ordensity-based clustering. The clustered plurality of events may beanalyzed to identify sequences of one or more clustered events that atleast partially repeat in the plurality of clustered events assub-tasks. For example, a sequence of one or more clustered events thatfully repeats a threshold number of times may be identified as asub-task. In another example, a sequence of one or more clustered eventsthat partially repeats a threshold number of times may be identified asa sub-task. The identified sub-tasks may be employed to, for example,identify a higher-level task being performed by the user. For example,Scout Service may receiving an indication of which task a sub-taskbelongs and employ that information to identify clustered events thatare temporally adjacent the sub-task in at least one instance in theplurality of events that belong to the same task as the sub-task.

Once Scout Service has identified a task, Scout Service may generate ascore for the task that is indicative of a difficulty of automating thetask (e.g., an automation score). For example, Scout Service may analyzethe identified task to calculate one or more values regarding the tasksuch as: an estimated cost of developing a software robot to automatethe task, an estimated amount of developer hours to create the softwarerobot to automate the task, a number of applications that are employedto perform the task, a number of keystrokes performed in the task, and aratio between keystrokes and clicks performed in the task. Thecalculated values may be, in turn, employed to generate the automationscore. For example, the automation score may be a linear combination ofone or more of the calculated items.

It should be appreciated that the embodiments described herein may beimplemented in any of numerous ways. Examples of specificimplementations are provided below for illustrative purposes only. Itshould be appreciated that these embodiments and thefeatures/capabilities provided may be used individually, all together,or in any combination of two or more, as aspects of the technologydescribed herein are not limited in this respect.

Example System Architectures

FIGS. 1A and 1B show an example task tracking system 100, according tosome embodiments. The task tracking system 100 is suitable to track thetasks being performed by users on a plurality of computing devices 102.Each of the computing devices 102 may comprise a volatile memory 116 anda non-volatile memory 118 and execute an instance of Scout 101 thattracks user interaction with the respective computing device 102. Scout101 may be, for example, implemented as a software application andinstalled on an operating system, such as the WINDOWS operating system,running on the computing device 102. In another example, Scout 101 maybe integrated into the operating system running on the computing device102. As shown in FIG. 1A, the tracking system 100 further includes acentral controller 104 that may be a computing device, such as a server,including a release store 106, a log bank 108, and a database 110. Thecentral controller 104 may execute an instance of Scout Service 103 thatgathers the computer usage information collected from the instances ofScout 101 and stores the collected information in the database 110. Asshown in FIG. 1B, Scout Service 103 may also include services to provideaccess to the stored computer usage information in the database 110including, for example, a notebook service 112 (e.g., an interactivecomputational environment such as the Jupyter Notebook) and/or adashboard service 114 (e.g., a visual representation of the storedevents accessible over the internet). Scout Service 103 may beimplemented in any of a variety of ways including, for example, as aweb-application. In some embodiments, Scout Service 103 may be a pythonWeb Server Gateway Interface (WSGI) application that is exposed as a webresource to the instances of Scout 101 running on the computing devices102.

In some embodiments, Scout 101 may monitor the particular tasks beingperformed on the computing device 102 on which it is running. Forexample, Scout 101 may monitor the task being performed by monitoringkeystrokes and/or clicks and gathering contextual information associatedwith each keystroke and/or click. The contextual information may includeinformation indicative of the state of the user interface when thekeystroke and/or click occurred. For example, the contextual informationmay include information regarding a state of the user interface such asthe name of the particular application that the user interacted with,the particular button or field that the user interacted with, and/or theuniform resource locator (URL) link in an active web-browser. Thecontextual information may be leveraged to gain insight regarding theparticular task that the user is performing. For example, a softwaredeveloper may be using the computing device 102 develop source code andbe continuously switching between an application suitable for developingsource code and a web-browser to locate code snippets. Unliketraditional keystroke loggers that would merely gather a string ofdepressed keys including bits of source code and web URLs, Scout 101 mayadvantageously gather useful contextual information such as theparticular active application associated with each keystroke. Thereby,the task of developing source code may be more readily identified in thecollected data by analyzing the active applications.

The data collection processes performed by Scout 101 may be seamless toa user of the computing device 102. For example, Scout 101 may gatherthe computer usage data without introducing a perceivable lag to theuser between when an action is performed and when the user interface isupdated. Further, Scout may automatically store the collected computerusage data in the volatile memory 116 and periodically (or aperiodicallyor according to a pre-defined schedule) transfer portions of thecollected computer usage data from the volatile memory 116 to thenon-volatile memory 118. Thereby, Scout 101 may automatically uploadcaptured information in the form of log files from the non-volatilememory 118 to Scout Service 103 and/or receive updates from ScoutService 103. Accordingly, Scout may be completely unobtrusive on theuser experience.

In some embodiments, the instance of Scout 101 running on each computingdevice 102 may upload log files to Scout Service 103 that includecomputer usage information such as information indicative of actionsperformed by a user on the respective computing device 102 andcontextual information associated those actions. Scout Service 103 may,in turn, receive these log files and store the log files in the log bank108. Scout Service 103 may also periodically upload the logs in the logbank 108 to a database 110. It should be appreciated that the database110 may be any type of database including, for example, a relationaldatabase such as PostgreSQL. Further, the events stored in the database110 and/or the log bank 108 may be stored redundantly to reduce thelikelihood of data loss from, for example, equipment failures. Theredundancy may be added by, for example, by duplicating the log bank 108and/or the database 110.

In some embodiments, Scout Service 103 may distribute software updatesto instances of Scout 101 running on each of the computing devices 102.For example, an instance of Scout 101 may request information regardingthe latest software updates that are available. In this example, ScoutService 103 may respond to the request by reading information from therelease store 106 to identify the latest software updates and provideinformation indicative of the latest software update to the instance ofScout 101. If the instance of Scout 101 returns with a request todownload the latest version, the Scout Service 103 may retrieve thelatest software update from the release store 106 and provide the latestsoftware update to the instance of Scout 101.

In some embodiments, Scout Service 103 may implement various securityfeatures to ensure that the data that passes between Scout Service 103and one or more instances of Scout 101 is secure. For example, a PublicKey Infrastructure may be employed by which each instance of Scout 101must authenticate itself using a client certificate to access any partof the Scout Service 103. Further, the transactions between Scout 101and Scout Service 103 may be performed over HTTPS and thus encrypted.

Scout Service 103 may make the collected computer usage information inthe database 110 available to users. In some embodiments, the ScoutService 103 may include a notebook service 112 that presents aninteractive computational environment to a user in which the user cantype commands to manipulate and/or visualize the computer usage data inthe database 100. The notebook service 112 may be provided to a userover, for example, a secure shell (SSH) tunnel. The particular notebookservice 112 employed may vary depending upon the implementation. Forexample, the notebook service 112 may be a Jupyter Notebook and usevarious python data processing packages such as pandas, numpy,matplotlib and bokeh. In other embodiments, the Scout Service 103 mayinclude a dashboard service 114 that provides a visual representation ofthe information stored in the database 110. For example, the dashboardservice 114 may be a series of user interface screens that permit a userto interact with the computer usage data in the database 110. These userinterface screens may be accessible over the internet using, forexample, HTTPS. It should be appreciated that the Scout Service 103 mayprovide access to the data in the database 110 through still yet otherways. For example, Scout Service may accept queries through acommand-line interface (CLI), such as psql, or a graphical userinterface (GUI), such as pgAdmin.

Example Data Collection Techniques

As discussed herein, Scout may be designed to collect computer usagedata. For example, Scout may collect information indicative of aparticular action performed (e.g., a click or a keystroke) andcontextual information regarding a state of the user interface (e.g., astate of the active application in the user interface). Scout mayadvantageously gather the contextual information regarding a state ofthe user interface before the computing device updates the userinterface in response to receive a command. For example, a user mayclick on an “OK” button in a dialog box to close the dialog box. In thisexample, Scout may gather contextual information regarding the dialogbox before the dialog box is closed. In some embodiments, Scout maygather contextual information indicative of a state of the userinterface before the user interface is updated by intercepting useractions before they reach the target application. Thereby, Scout maycause the computing device to wait to update the user interface whilecontextual information regarding the particular action may be gathered.

Scout may intercept user actions through any of a variety of methods. Insome embodiments, Scout may use hooks such as those available throughthe WINDOWS Automation API in the WINDOWS operating systems. These hooksmay be, for example, points in the system message-handling mechanismwhere an application can install a subroutine to monitor the messagetraffic in the system and process certain types of messages before theyreach the target window procedure. For example, Scout may install a hookin the operating system to call one or more functions when an action isdetected to gather the appropriate contextual information. Once thefunctions have gathered the appropriate contextual information, Scoutmay allow the operating system to provide the action to the targetapplication and cause the user interface to update.

An example diagram illustrating a process for collecting computer usagedata is shown in FIG. 2. As shown, an operating system 202 identifiesactions performed by a user on the computing device, such as keyboardcommands 204 and/or mouse commands 206. As discussed above, a hook maybe installed that triggers Scout to gather information indicative of theaction being performed such as whether the action was a keystroke or amouse click and gather contextual information regarding the action suchas a name of the active application. The gathered contextual informationmay be stored as an event 208 in an event queue 210. The event queue 210may be, for example, a first-in first-out (FIFO) queue that is stored involatile memory (e.g., RAM) of the computing device. After the event 208has been added to the event queue 210, Scout may permit the operatingsystem 202 to send the action to the target application and, thereby,cause computing device to update the user interface. The last event 208to be added to the event queue 210 may be removed from the event queue210 and written to a log 212 in, for example, a non-volatile memory ofthe computing device.

In some embodiments, Scout may generate the event 208 within a thresholdperiod of time of receiving an indication that an action has beenperformed. Generating the event 208 with a threshold period of time mayadvantageously minimize (or eliminate) any perceivable lag for the userbetween performing an action and the user interface being updated.Thereby, the productivity of users is not negatively impacted by Scout'sexecution. Scout may generate the event 208 within a threshold period oftime by, for example, only gather selected contextual information thatmay be gathered within the threshold period of time.

In some embodiments, Scout may employ an object hierarchy to gather atleast some of the contextual information associated with an actionperformed by a user. In some embodiments, an object hierarchy mayrepresent the state of the graphical user interfaces visible to the userat the time that the user performed the action. The object hierarchy maycomprise a set of one or more objects that correspond to activegraphical user elements of a user interface. In this way, an objecthierarchy may provide a real-time representation of a user interface, asseen by the user. For example, an object hierarchy for a user interfaceof a computing device that is executing a calculator softwareapplication may comprise an object for the calculator softwareapplication and a plurality of objects for each of the buttons shown ina GUI of the calculator software application that are children of theobject for the calculator software application. Each of the objects maycomprise information regarding the location of the respective element inthe user interface, such as where the element is located on the screen.Thereby, Scout may cross-reference a location of a screen click withinformation from the object hierarchy to determine which element on thescreen is located at the same location of the screen click. Further,information regarding the clicked element may be gathered (directly orindirectly) from the object hierarchy. Aspects of generating, accessing,refreshing and otherwise using object, hierarchies are described in U.S.Patent Publication No. 2016-0259651, titled “SOFTWARE ROBOTS FORPROGRAMMATICALLY CONTROLLING COMPUTER PROGRAMS TO PERFORM TASKS,”published on Sep. 8, 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference inits entirety.

In some embodiments, the object hierarchy needs to be refreshed so thatthe object hierarchy provides a real-time snapshot of the state of thegraphical user interfaces of the computer programs executing on acomputing device. For example, as the user interface of a computerprogram may change over time, the object hierarchy may change over timeto reflect at least some of the changes to the user interface. Forexample, when a user interface of a computer program changes andincludes one or more active GUI elements not previously present in theuser interface (e.g., in response to a user clicking on a menu to revealbuttons representing menu options), the object hierarchy may be updatedto add one or more new objects to the hierarchy that correspond to thenew active. GUI element(s). As a result, it is desirable to refresh anobject hierarchy when using the object hierarchy to gather contextualinformation for one or more actions performed by a user.

However, the inventors have appreciated that refreshing the entireobject hierarchy (for all the active GUI elements) may take time performsuch that the user would perceive a delay during the refreshing. Forexample, Scout may not be able to wait for the entire object hierarchyto be refreshed within a threshold amount of time (e.g., a period oftime that is imperceptible to a user, such as, for example, within a 100ms). Accordingly, in some embodiments, only a portion of the objecthierarchy may be refreshed in order to gather contextual information foran action performed by a user. As a result, the object hierarchy may be(at least partially) updated within the threshold period of time. Forexample, Scout may update the portion of the object hierarchy that isbetween a root object in the hierarchy and a target object target objectthat corresponds to the GUI element using which the action was performedand all of the objects from which the target object descended (e.g.,parent, grandparent, and/or great grandparent objects). Thereby, otherobjects in the complete object hierarchy, such as siblings of the targetobject, are excluded from the root-to-target object hierarchy. As oneexample, when a user clicks on a button, only the objects on a path fromthe root of the object hierarchy to the object representing the buttonmay be refreshed. Siblings of the object representing the button may notbe refreshed.

It should be appreciated, however, that in some embodiments, Scout mayperiodically update the entire object hierarchy (e.g., in response to aperiod of time passing instead of in response to an event). Thereby, theobject hierarchy may be updated without introducing a perceivable lag tousers between performing an action and the user interface being updated.For example, Scout may only update a portion of an object hierarchy inresponse to a detected event (e.g., launching of a new applicationprogram) and periodically (e.g., every 30 seconds, every minute, every 5minutes, etc.) update the complete object hierarchy. In this example,Scout may update the object hierarchy without stopping the computingdevice from updating the user interface in response to an event.

The events 208 may be data structures (e.g., structs) that storeinformation indicative of the action performed and associated contextualinformation in an organized manner. The particular format of the datastructure may vary depending upon, for example, the particularcontextual information being gathered. An example data structure for anevent 208 including a description of each field is shown below in Table1:

TABLE 1 Example Event Data Structure Name SQL Format Description Examplenumber Integer Monotonically increasing event   1 number (Key) TimeDateTime Time of event datetime(2016,6,13,1,1,2) Exe String Path ofactive application C:\Program Files (x86)\Google\Chrome\Application\chrome.exe context String Application-specifichttps://mail.google.com/ mail/u/0/ Title String Title bar Inbox (0) -employee@corporation.com classname String Class of windows objectChrome_WidgetWin_1 window_left Integer X-coordinate of left part of   0window window_top Integer Y-coordinate of top part of   0 windowwindow_right Integer X-coordinate of right part of 1928 windowwindow_bottom Integer Y-coordinate of bottom part of 1208 window messageString Type of event LB_DOWN modifiers Integer ALT, SHIFT, CAPSmodifiers 0, 2, 8 xX Integer X-coordinate of action  674 y IntegerY-coordinate of action  384As shown in Table 1, the event data structure may include a variety ofinformation. It should be appreciated that events 208 may include all orany portion of the fields shown above in Table 1. Further, the events208 may include fields not specifically illustrated in Table 1.

As discussed above, Scout is a computer program that may be executed bya computing device. For example, Scout may be a WINDOWS applicationwritten in a programming language such as C++ and uses the POCO C++Library for networking, OpenSSL for TLS/SSL, and the WINDOWS API forsystem calls. In some embodiments, Scout may be sub-divided intomultiple program modules that each perform one or more functions.Sub-dividing Scout into multiple functional modules may, for example,ease the addition of new functionality to Scout. For example, newfunctionality may be added simply be creating a new module and callingthe module. An example sub-division of Scout into multiple modules isshown below in Table 2 with a description of each module:

TABLE 2 Example Modules Module Name Description Main Calls other modulesNetwork Finds log files on disk and securely uploads them to a ScoutService Log Removes events from the event queue and writes the events tothe log Keyboard Initializes keyboard hook and processes keystrokesMouse Initializes mouse hook and processes clicks Update Downloads andruns new versions of Scout if they exist

The main module may be the first module started in Scout. The mainmodule may, for example, check to see if another instance of Scout isrunning. If another instance of Scout is already running, the newinstance of Scout may close so as not to have multiple instances ofScout running simultaneously. The main module may proceed to copy itselfto the startup folder, if it hasn't done so already, to ensure thatScout runs each time the computer starts without intervention by theuser. The main module may then initialize the event queue (e.g., eventqueue 210) and call the other modules to perform various functions. Anexample procedure for the main module is shown below:

Example Main Module Procedure 1: Check if another instance is running 2:Copy itself to startup folder 3: Initialize Event Queue 4: StartModules: log, network, mouse, keyboard, update

The main module may call the network module that finds log files in anon-volatile memory of the computing device and securely uploads them toScout Service. The network module may search the non-transitory computerreadable medium of the computing device for log files and attempt tosecurely upload them to Scout Service using, for example, a secureinternet connection. If the upload is successful, the network module maydelete the log file to make space on the non-transitory computerreadable medium of the computing device. Otherwise, the network modulemay repeat the process to locate another log file to upload. An exampleprocedure for the network module is shown below:

Example Network Module Procedure 1: Find the log files 2: For each logfile, try to securely upload it 3: If upload successful, delete log file4: Sleep for a predetermined amount of time 5: Return to 1

The main module may also call the log module to remove events from theevent queue (e.g., event queue 210) and writes the events to the log(e.g., log 212). The log module may create a log file in a non-volatilememory of the computing device and acquire an event queue lock to stopother functions from changing the event queue. The log module may pop anevent off the queue and release the event queue lock. The log module maythen print the event to the log file. If it is the appropriate time tostart a new log file (e.g., the log file has reach a predeterminedsize), the log module may close the log file and create a new log file.An example procedure for the log module is shown below:

Example Log Module Procedure 1: Create a log file 2: Wait to acquire theevent queue lock 3: Pop an event off the queue 4: Release the eventqueue lock 5: Prints the event to the file 6: If it's not time torollover the log file, return to 2. 7: Close the log file 8: Create anew log file

The main module may also call the mouse module that initializes mousehook and processes clicks and/or the keyboard module that initializeskeyboard hook and processes keystrokes. Each of the mouse and keyboardmodules may register a hook for their respective mouse and keyboardevents and wait for the hook to be called. Once the hook is called, thehook function that has been called is locked to avoid multiple instancesof the hook function running. While the hook function is locked and thecomputing device is waiting to send the mouse or keyboard action to thetarget application, information regarding the action (e.g., whether theleft or right mouse button was clicked) and contextual information(e.g., a name of the active application) may be extracted. The extractedinformation may be stored as an event in the event queue. After theevent has been added to the event queue, the hook may be released and,thereby, allow the action to be passed on to the target application. Anexample procedure for the mouse and keyboard modules is shown below:

Example Mouse/Keyboard Procedure 1: Register hook to interceptmouse/keyboard events 2: Wait for hook subroutine to be called 3: Lockmouse/keyboard_hook so there is one instance of the mouse/keyboard_hookrunning 4: Extract information about the mouse/keyboard action 5:Extract the contextual information 6: Store event in the event queue 7:Unlock mouse/keyboard_hook

The main module may also call the update module that downloads and runsnew versions of Scout if they exist. The update module may periodicallyor aperiodically ask Scout Service (e.g., via message transmitted toScout Service) for an indication of the latest version of Scout. Theupdate module may compare a response from Scout Service as to whatversion is the latest version of Scout with the currently installedversion of Scout. If the current version is not up-to-date, the updatemodule downloads the latest version and performs one or more checks toensure that the downloaded version has not been corrupted. Once the newversion of Scout has been downloaded, the update module may write thenew Scout binary to the startup folder and spawn a new instance of Scoutand terminate the current instance. An example procedure for the updatemodule is shown below:

Example Update Procedure 1: At a random interval, ask Scout Service forthe latest version on the network 2: If the version is same as thecurrent version, return to 1 3: Download the latest version 4: Check thecryptographic hash sum matches the new version. 5: Write the new Scoutbinary to the startup folder. 6: Spawn the new Scout binary. 7:Terminate the log module 8: Terminate the current process

It should be appreciated that particular sub-division of Scout intovarious modules shown in Table 2 is one example implementation andvarious modifications may be made without departing from the scope ofthe present disclosure. Further, each of the example procedures for eachmodule is merely an example and may be altered without departing fromthe scope of the present disclosure. For example, the sequence of stepsin each procedure may be changed, one or more steps may be removed,and/or one or more steps may be added.

As discussed above, keystroke loggers track the individual keys that aredepressed on the keyboard by a user interacting with a computing device.Tracking the individual keys that are depressed, however, may gatherpersonal information of the user. Example personal information of a userincludes information indicative of: a bank account of the user, apersonal email account of the user, and/or a social media account of theuser. In some embodiments, Scout may be designed to avoid capturingpersonal information of the user. For example, Scout may purposefullyobscure the particular key that was depressed in a keyboard command 204.In this example, the event 208 may only include an indication that akeystroke was made and/or an indication of any modifier keys depressedwith the keystroke (e.g., whether the Alt, Shift, and Caps keys werealso depressed with the keystroke). Thereby, the usernames and/orpasswords entered by a user interacting with the computing device arenot stored in the events 208 and the user's privacy may be protected.

In some embodiments, Scout may be designed to delete any events 208 thatcontain personal information before writing the events 208 to the log212. An example diagram of such a process is shown in FIG. 2B. As shown,the diagram in FIG. 2B adds a filter 211 between the event queue 210 andthe log 212 relative to the diagram in FIG. 2A. The filter 211 may beimplemented as, for example, an addition module in Scout. The filter 211may be configured to analyze the events 208 that have been removed fromthe event queue 210 to determine whether the events contain any personalinformation prior to these events 208 being written to the log 212. Forexample, the filter 211 may identify events that involve particularURLs, such as URLS of banks, social media websites, and personal emailaccounts, as events that contain personal information. The filter 211may stop the events 208 that contain personal information from beingwritten to the log 212 and/or delete any copies of the event 208.

Example Task Identification Techniques

As discussed above, instances of Scout may be deployed on variouscomputing devices to generate computer usage information. This computerusage information may be employed by Scout Service to gain insight intothe particular tasks that the users are performing on these computingdevices. For example, Scout Service may analyze the received computerusage information to identify repeated sequences of events in thecomputer usage data that are associated with specific tasks beingperformed by a user. Once a particular sequence of events is identifiedas a task, Scout Service may generate various metrics regarding the tasksuch as an automation score that is indicative of the difficulty ofautomating the task.

FIG. 3 shows an example process 300 for identifying a task beingperformed by a user in computer usage data. Process 300 may be performedby, for example, Scout Service. As shown, the process 300 comprises anact 302 of pre-processing a plurality of events, an act 304 ofclustering the plurality of events, an act 306 of identifyingsub-task(s) in the plurality of clustered events, an act 308 ofidentifying task(s) in the plurality of clustered events using theidentified sub-task(s), an act 310 of generating an automation score foridentified task(s), an act 312 of determining whether the automationscore exceeds a threshold, an act 314 of generating software robot(s) toperform task(s), and an act 316 of executing the software robot(s).

In act 302, Scout Service may pre-process a plurality of events. Theplurality of events may be, for example, in one or more event log filesreceived from one or more computing devices executing an instance ofScout. Scout Service may pre-process the plurality of events to, forexample, remove noise from the computer usage data. Noise in thecomputer usage data may arise from any of a variety of circumstances.For example, a user may accidentally lay an object on the keyboard andinadvertently input a string of text into an application. In anotherexample, an individual may bump a computer mouse while walking past acomputing device. As another example, a user may highlight portions oftext while reading the text. Scout Service may remove noise from thecomputer usage data by, for example, generating a blacklist thatspecifies one or more criteria for particular events that are notassociated with any task (e.g., a series of keystroke actions caused bydropping something on the keyboard) and removing these events from thecomputer usage data and/or generating a whitelist that specifies one ormore criteria for particular events that are associated with one or moretasks (e.g., events performed in a certain application, such as an IDE).For example, Scout Service may perform any combination of the following:(1) remove events that are not proceeded and/or preceded by anotherevent within a certain period of time, such as 120 seconds; (2) removeevents that are not associated with a set of one or more applications(e.g., an IDE application, an enterprise resource planning (ERP)application, and an internet browser application); (3) remove eventsthat are associated with a set of one or more web domains (e.g., webdomains associated with social media websites); and (4) replace one ormore numbers in at least some of the plurality of events with a standardset of one or more characters (e.g., “#” character).

In act 304, Scout Service may cluster the plurality of events togenerate a plurality of clustered events. The clustering may, forexample, group semantically similar events together. For example, twoevents associated with accessing the same HTML element may appearslightly different in each instance because the HTML element maycomprise parameters that change (such as a product identifier). In thisexample, the two events associated with accessing the same HTML elementmay be assigned to the same cluster (e.g., clustered together). Theplurality of events may be clustered by, for example, identifying aplurality of clusters in the plurality of events and assigning at leastsome of the plurality of events to a cluster in the plurality ofclusters. Any of a variety of clustering techniques may be employed tocluster the events. For example, the plurality of events may beclustered based on a distance between the plurality of events such thatevents that are within a threshold distance from each other are assignedto the same cluster while events that are outside the threshold distancefrom each other are assigned to different clusters.

In some embodiments, Scout Service may employ hierarchical clusteringtechniques to cluster the plurality of events. In these embodiments, theevents of the plurality of events may comprise multiple layers ofinformation and clustered may be identified at each layer within theplurality of layers. For example, an event may comprise: (1) an action;(2) an indication of which GUI screen the action was performed in (e.g.,which GUI screen of a plurality of GUI screens associated with anapplication); and (3) an indication of which application the applicationwas performed in. In this example, Scout Service may cluster theplurality of events by GUI screen (e.g., events that are associated withthe same GUI screen are grouped together) and also cluster the pluralityof events by application (e.g., events that are associated with theapplication are grouped together). Thereby, each event may be assignedto a plurality of clusters.

An example plurality of events that are hierarchically clustered isshown in FIG. 5 by hierarchically clustered events 500. As shown, thehierarchically clustered events 500 are clustered across five layersordered from broadest to narrowest: (1) root 502; (2) application 504;(3) GUI screen 506; and (4) element 508. Each cluster in thehierarchically clustered events 500 is represented by a circle. The sizeof each circle may be indicative of, for example, the number of eventsthat are assigned to the cluster associated with the circle. As shown inthe hierarchically clustered events 500, the user primarily uses the“Start” button in a WINDOWS operating system to access four differentapplications ordered from most frequently used to least frequently used:(1) Money Manager; (2) Chrome; (3) Excel; and (4) Explorer.

Returning to FIG. 3, Scout Service may identify one or more sub-tasks inthe plurality of clustered events in act 306. Sub-tasks may be, forexample, a sequence of one or more clustered events that at leastpartially repeat in the plurality of clustered events a threshold numberof times. The sequence of one or more clustered events may repeat fully(e.g., every event in the sequence repeats exactly) or repeat partially(e.g., a threshold number of events in the sequence of events repeats).Scout Service may identify the sequence of one or more clustered eventsusing any of a variety of techniques.

In act 308, Scout Service may identify task(s) in the plurality ofclustered events using the identified sub-tasks. For example, ScoutService may combine a sub-task with one or more other clustered events(and/or other sub-tasks) temporally adjacent the sub-task in at leastone instance in the plurality of clustered events to identify ahigher-level task. Scout Service may identify a task using any of avariety of techniques. In some embodiments, Scout Service may receive anindication of which task one or more sub-tasks belongs to. For example,a human user may indicate that a particular sub-task is associated witha password reset task. The received indication of which task a sub-taskbelongs to may be, for example, in the form of one or more rules thatdefine a set of criteria which must be present for a sub-task (and/or aclustered event) to be assigned to the task associated with the rule.The rules may be implemented as, for example, regular expressions. Forexample, a rule may be created for the task “web browsing” that includesa regular expression indicating that the active application field in anevent must include a web browsing application such as GOOGLE CHROME forthe event to be assigned to the web browsing task. Additional examplerules that may be created are shown below in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3 Example Rules Application Field Title Field Task Web BrowserGmail Personal Email Pycharm — Coding Web Browser YouTube EntertainmentWeb Browser Gitlab Writing Documentation Web Browser stackoverflowResearchOnce a sub-task is assigned to a particular task, Scout Service maydetermine whether one or more clustered events that are temporallyadjacent the sub-task in at least one instance in the clustered eventsare also associated with the task. In some embodiments, Scout Servicemay identify a unique feature (e.g., a value in a field of a GUI) in aninstance of a sub-task that is both persistent through the events in thesub-task and unique in each instance of the sub-task (e.g., a price in apurchase order generation task). The unique feature may be identified bycalculating entropy values for one or more features for events in thesub-task. Features that are the same between instances of the samesub-task have a low entropy and may be removed. Features that differbetween instances of the same sub-task have a high entropy and may beidentified as unique features. Once the unique features have beenidentified, Scout Service may analyze clustered events that temporallyadjacent the sub-task in at least one instance to determine whetherthose clustered events contain the same unique features as the sub-task.If the clustered events temporally adjacent the sub-task contain theunique features, the clustered events are likely part of the same task(and may be added to a sequence of one or more clustered events thatdefine the task). Otherwise, the clustered events are not likely part ofthe same task and may be ignored.

In some embodiments, Scout Service may determine whether one or moreclustered events that are temporally adjacent the sub-task in at leastone instance in the clustered events are also associated with the taskusing a statistical model. In these embodiments, a first sub-task may beidentified that defines the start of a task and a second sub-task may beidentified that defines the end of the same task. For example, the usermay indicate that they always start a task by opening a particularapplication and end the task by closing the particular application. Theclustered events may, in turn, be analyzed to identify instances in theplurality of clustered events where the first sub-task and secondsub-tasks occur with one or more intervening clustered events. Theidentified instances where the first and second sub-tasks occur with oneor more intervening clustered events may be provided as an input to astatistical model. Scout Service may use the statistical model to obtainan output indicative of which intervening events in the identifiedinstances where the first and second sub-tasks occur are part of thetask and which intervening events are unrelated to the task. Forexample, Scout Service may use the statistical model to obtain an outputindicative of a sequence of clustered events that define the task (e.g.,a Markov chain of clustered events) that includes the clustered eventsin each of the first and second sub-tasks.

In some embodiments, the statistical model may be a neural network and,for example, may be a recurrent neural network. In some embodiments, therecurrent neural network may be a long short-term memory (LSTM) neuralnetwork. It should be appreciated, however, that the recurrent neuralnetwork is not limited to being an LSTM neural network and may have anyother suitable architecture. For example, in some embodiments, therecurrent neural network may be a fully recurrent neural network, arecursive neural network, a Hopfield neural network, an associativememory neural network, an Elman neural network, a Jordan neural network,an echo state neural network, a second order recurrent neural network,and/or any other suitable type of recurrent neural network. In otherembodiments, neural networks that are not recurrent neural networks maybe used. For example, deep neural networks, convolutional neuralnetworks, and/or feedforward neural networks, may be used.

In act 310, Scout Service may generate an automation score indicative ofa difficulty of automating the identified tasks. The automation scoremay be employed to quickly locate tasks that are likely good candidatesfor automation by, for example, a software robot. Scout Service maygenerate the automation score by generating task information (e.g.,information regarding the task) and analyzing the generated taskinformation. The task information may comprise a set of one or moreparameters and their corresponding values that impact the automatabilityof a given task. Example parameters include: a number of applicationsthat are employed to perform the task (more applications may increasethe complexity of automating the task), a number of keystrokes performedin the task (more keystrokes may increase the complexity of automatingthe task), and a ratio between keystrokes and clicks performed in thetask (more keystrokes per click may increase the complexity ofautomating the task). Scout Service may, in turn, generate theautomation score by linearly combining the values from one or moreparameters in the task information.

In some embodiments, the task information (and, thereby, the set of oneor more parameters and their corresponding values in the taskinformation) may be divided into a plurality of information categoriesincluding, for example, human activity information (e.g., informationindicative of the human activity performed in the task), applicationinformation (e.g., information regarding the applications employed inthe task), input data information (e.g., information regarding the inputto a computer device in the task), and task flow information (e.g.,information regarding the sequence of events in the task). Exampleparameters for each of the human activity information, the applicationinformation, the input data information, and the task flow informationis shown below in Table 4:

TABLE 4 Task Information Categories Human Activity Application InputData Task Flow Information Information Information InformationPercentage of Number of Amount of Text Length of time Typing ApplicationExtractable Sequences Used Documents in Sub-Task(s) Employed duringand/or Task Task Percentage of Number of Amount of Natural Number oftime Clicking User Inter- Language Input into Times face Applicationsduring Sequences Repeat Screens Task in Sub-Task(s) Used and/or TaskTime between Number of Source of actions User Inter- Information faceinput into Elements Applications Used during Task Frequency of Copy andPaste behaviors

It should be appreciated that other values may be determined forparticular tasks separate from an automation score. For example, ScoutService may determine an estimated cost savings of automating theprocess by determining the amount of time spent performing the task andthe value of an employee's time to perform the task. In this example,the determined estimated cost savings may be compared with an estimatedcost of automating the process to identify tasks that are likely toyield the most economic value by automating with a software robot.

In act 312, Scout Service may determine whether the automation scoreexceeds a threshold. For example, a task with an automation score thatexceeds the threshold may be a good candidate for automation.Accordingly, Scout Service may proceed to automate the task if theautomation score exceeds the threshold by performing act 314 ofgenerating software robot(s) to perform the task and act 316 ofexecuting the generated software robot(s). Otherwise, the task is likelynot a good candidate for automation and process 300 ends.

In act 314, Scout Service may generate a software robot that isconfigured to perform the task. The software robot may be configured tocontrol the same set of one or more computer programs employed in thetask and/or any sub-tasks. For example, the task may comprise a firstsub-task performed in a first computer program and a second sub-taskperformed in a second, different computer program. In this example,Scout Service may generate a software robot configured to control thefirst computer program to perform the first sub-task and control thesecond computer program to perform the second sub-task.

Scout Service may generate the software robot in any of a variety ofways. In some embodiments, Scout Service generates the software robotusing, for example, the sequence of one or more events defining the taskthat was identified in act 308. For example, Scout Service may compriseone or more predetermined software routines for replicating one or moreevents and Scout Service may combine these software routines inaccordance with the defined sequence of events associated with the taskto form a software robot that is configured to perform the task.

In act 316, Scout Service may execute one or more instances of thesoftware robot(s) generated in act 314. For example, Scout Service mayidentify one or more computing devices and start an instance of thesoftware robot(s) on the identified one or more computing devices.

FIG. 4 shows an example plurality of events 402 associated with anexample task of adding two numbers using a calculator application. Inparticular, the task comprises adding a “1” with another number that iseither a “2” or a “3.” This task may be defined by three sub-taskscomprising a first sub-task of entering the “1” digit into thecalculator and pressing the “+” key that branches into either a secondsub-task of entering the “2” digit into the calculator and pressing the“=” key or a third sub-task of entering the “3” digit into thecalculator and pressing the “=” key.

As shown in FIG. 4, the plurality of events 402 comprises a set of eightevents 401 that are organized based on their order of occurrence. Table5 below shows a description of each event 401 in the plurality of events402.

TABLE 5 Example Events in a Task Event Number Event Description 1 MouseClick on “1” Button 2 Mouse Click on “+” Button 3 Mouse Click on “2”Button 4 Mouse Click on “=” Button 5 Mouse Click on “1” Button 6 MouseClick on “+” Button 7 Mouse Click on “3” Button 8 Mouse Click on “=”ButtonThe plurality of events 402 may be clustered to generate the pluralityof clustered events 404 by, for example, identifying a plurality ofclusters and assigning each of the events 402 to at least one of theidentified clusters. As shown, each of the eight events 401 is assignedto one of five different clusters to generate clustered events 403.Table 6 below shows the mapping of event numbers to clusters.

TABLE 6 Example Clustering of Events Corresponding Cluster NumberCluster Definition Event Numbers 1 Mouse Click on “1” Button 1, 5 2Mouse Click on “+” Button 2, 6 3 Mouse Click on “2” Button 3 4 MouseClick on “=” Button 4, 8 5 Mouse Click on “3” Button 7Once the plurality of events 402 have been clustered to generate theplurality of clustered events 404, one or more one or more sub-tasks maybe identified in the plurality of clustered events 404. As shown, theplurality of clustered events 404 comprises three different sub-taskscomprising a first sub-task 405A of entering the “1” digit into thecalculator and pressing the “+” key that branches into either a secondsub-task 405B of entering the “2” digit into the calculator and pressingthe “=” key or a third sub-task 405C of entering the “3” digit into thecalculator and pressing the “=” key. The sub-tasks 405A-405C may becombined to form the identified task 408.Example Computer System

An illustrative implementation of a computer system 600 that may be usedin connection with any of the embodiments of the disclosure providedherein is shown in FIG. 6. The computer system 600 may include one ormore computer hardware processors 602 and one or more articles ofmanufacture that comprise non-transitory computer-readable storage media(e.g., memory 604 and one or more non-volatile storage devices 606). Theprocessor 602(s) may control writing data to and reading data from thememory 604 and the non-volatile storage device(s) 606 in any suitablemanner. To perform any of the functionality described herein, theprocessor(s) 602 may execute one or more processor-executableinstructions stored in one or more non-transitory computer-readablestorage media (e.g., the memory 604), which may serve as non-transitorycomputer-readable storage media storing processor-executableinstructions for execution by the processor(s) 602.

The terms “program” or “software” are used herein in a generic sense torefer to any type of computer code or set of processor-executableinstructions that can be employed to program a computer or otherprocessor (physical or virtual) to implement various aspects ofembodiments as discussed above. Additionally, according to one aspect,one or more computer programs that when executed perform methods of thedisclosure provided herein need not reside on a single computer orprocessor, but may be distributed in a modular fashion among differentcomputers or processors to implement various aspects of the disclosureprovided herein.

Processor-executable instructions may be in many forms, such as programmodules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally,program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, datastructures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particularabstract data types. Typically, the functionality of the program modulesmay be combined or distributed.

Also, data structures may be stored in one or more non-transitorycomputer-readable storage media in any suitable form. For simplicity ofillustration, data structures may be shown to have fields that arerelated through location in the data structure. Such relationships maylikewise be achieved by assigning storage for the fields with locationsin a non-transitory computer-readable medium that convey relationshipbetween the fields. However, any suitable mechanism may be used toestablish relationships among information in fields of a data structure,including through the use of pointers, tags or other mechanisms thatestablish relationships among data elements.

Various inventive concepts may be embodied as one or more processes, ofwhich examples have been provided. The acts performed as part of eachprocess may be ordered in any suitable way. Thus, embodiments may beconstructed in which acts are performed in an order different thanillustrated, which may include performing some acts simultaneously, eventhough shown as sequential acts in illustrative embodiments.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “atleast one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should beunderstood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more ofthe elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including atleast one of each and every element specifically listed within the listof elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the listof elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally bepresent other than the elements specifically identified within the listof elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether relatedor unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, forexample, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of Aor B,” or, equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) can refer, in oneembodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, withno B present (and optionally including elements other than B); inanother embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one,B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A);in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including morethan one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B(and optionally including other elements); etc.

The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in theclaims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements soconjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some casesand disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with“and/or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” ofthe elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be presentother than the elements specifically identified by the “and/or” clause,whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified.Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and/or B”, when usedin conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer,in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other thanB); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elementsother than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionallyincluding other elements); etc.

Use of ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., in theclaims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote anypriority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or thetemporal order in which acts of a method are performed. Such terms areused merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certainname from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinalterm). The phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose ofdescription and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of“including,” “comprising,” “having,” “containing”, “involving”, andvariations thereof, is meant to encompass the items listed thereafterand additional items.

Having described several embodiments of the techniques described hereinin detail, various modifications, and improvements will readily occur tothose skilled in the art. Such modifications and improvements areintended to be within the spirit and scope of the disclosure.Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only, and isnot intended as limiting. The techniques are limited only as defined bythe following claims and the equivalents thereto.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system, comprising: at least one hardwareprocessor; a display coupled to the at least one hardware processor andconfigured to display a user interface; and at least one non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium storing processor-executableinstructions that, when executed by the at least one hardware processor,cause the at least one hardware processor to perform: receiving anindication of an action being performed by a user on the system;gathering contextual information associated with the action beingperformed by the user; storing information indicative of the action andthe contextual information in a volatile memory as an event; determiningwhether the event stored in the volatile memory includes personalinformation of the user; in response to a determination that the eventstored in the volatile memory does not include the personal information,writing the event to an event log in a non-volatile memory the event logincluding a plurality of events; identifying a task being performed bythe user at least in part by clustering events in the plurality ofevents; and generating a score for the task indicative of a difficultyof automating the task using a linear combination of two or moreparameters associated with the task.
 2. The system of claim 1, whereinthe action includes at least one of a keystroke and a click.
 3. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein gathering the contextual information includesgathering information regarding a state of the user interface when theuser performed the action.
 4. The system of claim 3, wherein gatheringthe information regarding the state of the user interface includesgathering information selected from the group consisting of: a name ofan active application, a title in a title bar of the active application,a value in at least one field of the active application, a size of awindow of the active application, and a location of the window of theactive application within the user interface.
 5. The system of claim 1,wherein storing the information indicative of the action and thecontextual information in the volatile memory as the event comprisesstoring the information indicative of the action and the contextualinformation in the volatile memory without at least a portion of thepersonal information.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein theprocessor-executable instructions further cause the at least onehardware processor to perform: writing one or more events stored in thevolatile memory to the event log in the non-volatile memory, the one ormore events including the event.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein theprocessor-executable instructions further cause the at least onehardware processor to perform: transmitting the event log to an externalsystem.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the volatile memory comprisesa Random Access Memory (RAM).
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein thepersonal information of the user includes information indicative of atleast one member selected from the group consisting of: a bank accountof the user, a personal email account of the user, and a social mediaaccount of the user.
 10. The system of claim 6, wherein theprocessor-executable instructions further cause the at least onehardware processor to perform: in response to a determination that theevent stored in the volatile memory includes the personal information ofthe user, deleting the event before writing the one or more events tothe event log.
 11. The system of claim 1, wherein storing theinformation includes storing the information indicative of the actionand the contextual information as the event in the plurality of events,wherein clustering the events in the plurality of events comprisesclustering the events to generate a plurality of clustered events, andwherein the processor-executable instructions further cause the at leastone hardware processor to perform: identifying a plurality of sub-tasksin the plurality of clustered events, each of the plurality of sub-taskscomprising a sequence of one or more clustered events at least partiallyrepeated in the plurality of clustered events; and identifying the taskin the plurality of clustered events being performed by the user thatcomprises at least one sub-task of the plurality of sub-tasks.
 12. Thesystem of claim 11, wherein the processor-executable instructionsfurther cause the at least one hardware processor to perform:determining whether the score exceeds a threshold; generating a softwarerobot computer program that is configured to perform the task responsiveto the score exceeding the threshold; and executing the software robotcomputer program configured to perform the task responsive to generatingthe software robot computer program.
 13. The system of claim 12, whereinthe software robot computer program is configured to perform the task atleast in part by controlling one or more other computer programs. 14.The system of claim 13, wherein the software robot computer program isconfigured to control the one or more other computer programs through atleast one graphical user interface (GUI) of the one or more othercomputer programs.
 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the taskcomprises a first sub-task and a second sub-task of the plurality ofsub-tasks and wherein the software robot computer program is configuredto control a second computer program to perform the first sub-task andcontrol a third computer program to perform the second sub-task.
 16. Amethod, performed by a computing device, for tracking tasks performed bya user of the computing device, the method comprising: receiving anindication of an action being performed by the user on the computingdevice; gathering contextual information associated with the actionbeing performed by the user; storing information indicative of theaction and the contextual information in a volatile memory of thecomputing device as an event; determining whether the event stored inthe volatile memory includes personal information of the user; inresponse to a determination that the event stored in the volatile memorydoes not include the personal information, writing the event to an eventlog in a non-volatile memory of the computing device, the event logincluding a plurality of events; identifying a task being performed bythe user at least in part by clustering events in the plurality ofevents; and generating a score for the task indicative of a difficultyof automating the task using a linear combination of two or moreparameters associated with the task.
 17. The method of claim 16, whereinstoring the information indicative of the action and the contextualinformation in the volatile memory of the computing device as the eventcomprises storing the information indicative of the action and thecontextual information in the volatile memory without at least a portionof the personal information.
 18. The method of claim 16, furthercomprising: writing one or more events stored in the volatile memory tothe event log in the non-volatile memory, the one or more eventsincluding the event.
 19. The method of claim 16, wherein determiningwhether the event stored in the volatile memory includes the personalinformation of the user includes determining whether the event stored inthe volatile memory comprises information indicative of at least onemember selected from the group consisting of: a bank account of theuser, a personal email account of the user, and a social media accountof the user.
 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising: in responseto a determination that the event stored in the volatile memory includesthe personal information of the user, deleting the event before writingthe one or more events to the event log.
 21. The method of claim 20,further comprising: transmitting the event log to an external system.22. The method of claim 16, wherein storing the information includesstoring the information indicative of the action and the contextualinformation as the event in the plurality of events, wherein clusteringthe events in the plurality of events comprises clustering the events togenerate a plurality of clustered events, and wherein the method furthercomprises: identifying a plurality of sub-tasks in the plurality ofclustered events, each of the plurality of sub-tasks comprising asequence of one or more clustered events at least partially repeated inthe plurality of clustered events; and identifying the task in theplurality of clustered events being performed by the user that comprisesat least one sub-task of the plurality of sub-tasks.
 23. The method ofclaim 16, further comprising: determining whether the score exceeds athreshold; generating a software robot computer program that isconfigured to perform the task responsive to the score exceeding thethreshold; and executing the software robot computer program configuredto perform the task responsive to generating the software robot computerprogram.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein generating the softwarerobot computer program comprises generating a software robot computerprogram that is configured to perform the task at least in part bycontrolling one or more other computer programs.
 25. At least onenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium storingprocessor-executable instructions that, when executed by at least oneprocessor, cause the at least one processor to perform: receiving anindication of an action being performed by a user on a computing device;gathering contextual information associated with the action beingperformed by the user; storing information indicative of the action andthe contextual information in a volatile memory as an event; determiningwhether the event stored in the volatile memory includes personalinformation of the user; in response to a determination that the eventstored in the volatile memory does not include the personal information,writing the event to an event log in a non-volatile memory of thecomputing device, the event log including a plurality of events;identifying a task being performed by the user at least in part byclustering events in the plurality of events; and generating a score forthe task indicative of a difficulty of automating the task using alinear combination of two or more parameters associated with the task.